Marketing success involves a three-step process: Strategize (market opportunity, brand identity, target market, product mix, competitive landscape, and sales model), Communicate (sales tools, collateral, and website), and Promote (direct mail, email, telemarketing, advertising, etc.). It is absolutely critical—especially for the majority of us with limited, if not insufficient, marketing budgets—these steps occur in the correct order. Once a strategy has been developed and a communication infrastructure designed to support that strategy, then and only then, are you ready to PROMOTE.
As more scrutiny is placed on the bottom line, many companies demand to know more about the expected and realized Return On Investment (ROI) for any marketing plan. Investment in and measurement of the success of any program always comes back to “what’s the return.”
While the value of brand awareness and recognition is a very important piece to any marketing plan, it is often very difficult to calculate in terms of conversion to sales. Still, there are techniques you can use to validate your marketing plan before you implement it and these same techniques can also be used to measure it during and after execution.
To calculate a marketing plan’s expected ROI, you need to compile the following information in a ROI Calculator:
Marketing Vehicle Used. Take every marketing vehicle and enter it into your ROI calculator even if the vehicle has no cost. Be sure to include ALL marketing expenses, including labor (staff and outside services), brand awareness activities (public relations, advertising, speaking engagements), marketing communications (print and web), and direct marketing activities (direct mail, email, search ads).
Number of Impressions Made. For each marketing vehicle, enter the number of impressions your vehicle will make each month. (i.e. How many mailers are going out? How many attendees are coming to the show? How many readers will read the publication? How many guests will attend the seminar? And so on.) If you can’t quantify the expected impressions for a vehicle (some vehicles are in support of the overall program, but can’t be easily quantified), use “0″ as the number impressions and include its cost in the ROI equation.
Expected Response Rate. For guidance on industry response rates, consider purchasing The DMA’s Annual Response Rate Study. Otherwise, I recommend you use your past metrics. If you do not have a benchmark (and many of you don’t) you will need to make a conservative estimate based on your best guess or hire a consultant to guide you.
Annual Cost. For each vehicle you will need to calculate the annual cost to implement.
Average Lead to Proposal Ratio and Average Close Rate. To truly calculate ROI from the above information, you will need to know (or be able to estimate) your lead to proposal ratio (and establish you cost per acquisition which I speak to later in this blog). That is the percentage of leads that become proposals on average. Additionally, you will want to know your company’s average close rate. That is an average percentage of proposals, bids, or cost estimates that you win.
Average Annual Customer Value (Sales). Finally, you will need to know (or be able to estimate) the average annual customer value in terms of the average sales per customer per year.
From the above you should now be able to ESTIMATE how many leads your program should generate (given messaging, right mix of vehicles, appropriate target market, solid product offering, etc.), how many customers you should convert, and therefore your return on investment. The ROI formula you should use is
NUMBER OF IMPRESSIONS x EXPECTED RESPONSE RATE = LEADS GENERATED PER YEAR x LEAD-TO-PROPOSAL % = NUMBER OF PROPOSALS x CLOSE RATE = NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS x ANNUAL CUSTOMER VALUE = REVENUE – TOTAL MARKETING EXPENSE = ROI.
So what are your lead generation benchmarks for success? Determining the right promotional mix for your company requires careful consideration of many angles—including,
but not limited to, your target market, market maturity, and brand identity. Below are metrics from the top four vehicles your fellow marketers are using:
- Direct Mail. A staple in any marketing plan (75% of marketing plans include direct mail), direct mail comes in many shapes and sizes. The biggest battle with direct mail is breaking through the noise and getting “opened.” To be sure your direct mail is opened, consider designing it as personal correspondence—invitation/greeting card sized envelope, hand addressed, and hand stamped. Lead Generation Metrics: Flat=.03%- 2.56%, Dimensional=.5%-4.25%
- Email. A close second to direct mail, and considerably cheaper, email is used by at least 60% of marketers. In fact, the flood of email being sent, even permission-based email, creates its own challenges for using this vehicle. Value added content continues to win in this arena! Lead Generation Metrics: 30%-40% open, .10%- 1.73% click through.
- Telemarketing. Specifically for B2B markets, telemarketing (not to be confused with telesales) is a critical component (34% of you use it in your promotional mix) to cost effective lead generation, not to mention lead qualification. Lead Generation Metrics: 20%-40% connect rates, 5%-25% qualifies or leads generated.
- Online Advertising. Finally, 33% of marketers use some form of online advertising (search engine advertising, banner advertising, and email sponsorships) to promote their products and services. Lead Generation Metrics: SEM=3-5% click through, 10-15% conversion; BANNERS=.20-1.11% click through, 6-25% conversion; EMAIL SPONSORSHIP=.10-.27% click through, 8-24% conversion.
Remember, no one vehicle will do the job (VARIETY), you must implement over time
(FREQUENCY), and your message cannot change from vehicle to vehicle (CONSISTENCY). These benchmarks are just guidelines for you to use in designing your lead generation blueprint and projecting its ROI.
The final piece in the ROI formula (and something I already touched upon briefly) is the cost per customer acquisition. As sales and marketing teams develop and implement marketing budgets, they rely on many metrics to guide them. What was spent last year? What does the industry typically spend as a percentage of revenue? How much is needed to implement the planned activities? And so on. However, what is often not asked is perhaps the most critical metric of all. How much can you afford to spend to acquire a new customer?
The path to answering this question boils down to knowing your Lifetime Customer Value. The Lifetime Value (LTV) of a Customer is built from the following equation:
LTV = (Frequency of Purchase) X (Duration of Loyalty) X (Gross Profit)
Take the average for each of these three questions and plug that into the LTV equation, and you have your Lifetime Gross Profit contribution of a customer.
A good rule of thumb to follow when answering this question is 1/3 of the LTV can be spent to acquire a new customer. This assumes you have a retention rate within normal ranges—most companies experience 20-25% attrition each year. If your customer attrition rate is much higher than 25%, you may have a brand loyalty problem that should be addressed immediately. Remember, it costs 5x more to acquire a new customer than it does to retain an existing one. Also, if 1/3 of your LTV is less than 10% as a percentage of sales, you may have an overhead expense problem that needs to be addressed.
Calculating your Customer LifeTime Value will not only help you determine what you can afford to spend on sales and marketing, but it also will help you identify other issues you may need to address outside of the budgeting process (e.g. attrition and overly burdensome overhead costs).
Only when you get your arms around all the costs can you finally put into place a thorough plan with quantifiable metrics. In every budget negotiation, talks always come back to one thing—what’s the Return? Though it is often very difficult to calculate in terms of conversion to sales, the techniques and benchmarks outlined above can help validate your marketing plan both during and after execution.